The human ear is divided into three regions, namely, the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The external acoustic meatus (ear canal) is separated from the inner ear through a tissue called the eardrum. Sometimes, sudden change in pressure, infection in the middle ear, head trauma, or a foreign object in the ear can result in the perforation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum). A ruptured eardrum often results in hearing loss. Usually, it repairs itself after a while, but after severe perforation, the membrane needs surgical repair.

What is the role of an eardrum?

The eardrum is the tissue separating the ear canal from the inner ear. The eardrum is responsible for sensing the vibrating sound waves. It receives vibrations and converts them into nerve impulses to send the message to the brain. The eardrum inhibits the entry of bacteria, water or any other foreign material into the inner ear, thus protecting it. When the eardrum is ruptured, it results in the entry of pathogens like bacteria inside the inner ear, resulting in an infection called otitis media.

What are the most common causes of eardrum rupture?

There are various factors causing eardrum rupture.

1. Ear infection (otitis media) - If the inner ear gets infected due to any pathogen, this infection can build up pressure inside the ear, pushing against the eardrum. Increased pressure results in eardrum perforation, causing pain and pressure. Eventually, the eardrum ruptures, and pus drains from the ear.
2. Poking the eardrum with a foreign object - Poking around inside the ear with sharp objects like pin or cotton swabs can result in eardrum rupture. Often, children stick tiny things, usually toys, inside their ears, which can rupture the eardrum.
3. Barotrauma - The difference in pressure inside and outside the ear can sometimes rupture the eardrum. Travelling in an aeroplane changes the altitude, resulting in a drop or rise in the pressure inside the cabin. Barotrauma can also affect scuba divers due to changes in pressure in the air compared to the deep waters.
4. Head injury - Fracture in the skull base can damage or dislocate the middle or inner ear structures, including the eardrum.
5. Acoustic trauma - Sudden trauma to the ear due to explosions, gunshots, blasts or sudden loud noise can also cause eardrum rupture.

What are the symptoms indicating eardrum rupture?

It is necessary to understand the symptoms of eardrum rupture to get timely treatment. While blowing your nose, you might have heard air coming out of the ear. If the eardrum is ruptured, it does not bulge out when you blow air, rather the hole pushes the air out.

There are many symptoms of eardrum rupture:

1. Sudden excruciating pain in the ear that drops suddenly
2. Hearing loss in the affected ear
3. Drainage of mucus, pus, or blood from the ear
4. Dizziness or facial weakness
5. Episodic ear infections
6. Buzzing noise in the ear
7. Ringing sound in the ear (tinnitus)
8. Vertigo - spinning sensation
9. Nausea or vomiting

When to see a doctor?

Contact a medical professional to rule out eardrum rupture if you have been observing continuous excruciating pain in the ear or a ringing sound.

How can we prevent a ruptured eardrum?

There are various ways in which you can prevent eardrum rupture:

1. Treat middle ear infections immediately
2. Use earplugs during air travel
3. Do not insert foreign objects inside the ear
4. Avoid activities involving excessive noise

Conclusion

It is essential to take medical advice after noticing the symptoms of eardrum rupture. Diagnosis with an otoscope, an instrument with a light to look inside the ear, helps to identify the position and intensity of rupture. Try not to ignore the symptoms to avoid permanent ear damage. Antibiotics and an ear drops are effective in easing your pain.

If you think you need a professional medical opinion from a qualified otorhinolaryngologist, request an appointment at Apollo Spectra Hospitals, Call 1860 500 2244